Ethernet

Ethernet Advanced

Introduction :-

     

      Network involves connection of computers, Workstation and network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls. These devices are interconnected with each other with the help of a medium. Ethernet is most widely used Local Area Network ( LAN ) technology and is formally defines by IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet makes use of different cables for communication between different computers.

      

The high speed Ethernet is developed to increase the connectivity speed. All these standard use different transmission rates.

High Speed Ethernet :-

     

       High speed Ethernet was developed in order to increase the connectivity speed between the terminals or computers in a particular network. The various high speed Ethernet standards are:

• Fast Ethernet or 100Base Ethernet – Defines Ethernet standards at the nominal arte of 100 Mbps, against the original Ethernet speed of 100 Mbps.
• Gigabit Ethernet (Gbe) – Describes Ethernet standards that support Ethernet packets at a rate of a gigabit per second (Gb/s) i.e. 1000 Mbps.
• 10-gigabit Ethernet (10Gbe) – Describes Ethernet Standards that support Ethernet packets at a nominal data rate of 10 Gbps, ten times faster than gigabit Ethernet.

100Base Ethernet :-

      

      A 100Base Ethernet defines a networking standard that supports data transfer rate up to 100 Mbps. 100base Ethernet is also known as FAST ETHERNET. This  type of Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method for data transmission which allows many devices to communicate without collision.

  

      Fast Ethernet is also stated as IEEE 802.3 specification standard which include 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4 and 100Base-FX Ethernet standards. Fast Ethernet is further sub-divided into two categories.

# Copper Cabled Ethernet :-

      In Copper Cabled Ethernet, the electric signals are transmitted over copper wires which mainly employ twisted pair cables. CAT5 type of Twisted pair cables are normally used for data transmission Ethernet.     

    

  Types of Cabling standards used for Copper cabled Ethernet are:

• 100Base-TX – Employs two pairs in Category 5 cable (CAT5). 
• 100Base-T4 – Employs 4 copper twisted pairs by using lower quality CAT3 or better cabling. One pair is reserved for transmitting, one for receiving and two pairs will switch direction as negotiated.
• 100Base-T2 – Employs two copper pairs for transmitting of data ( CAT 3 ), 4 bits per signal.

# Fiber Cabled Internet :-

     
     Fibre cabled to Ethernet employes fibre optic cables for transmission of signals in which the electrical signals are converted to optical signals ( light signals ) for transmission through the cable which is made up of thin glass. These transmitted signals are again converted
from light to electrical signals at the receiver end.

     Types of cabling standards used for fibre optic cable are :-

• 100base-FX - Defines Fast Ethernet version over Optical Fibre. It uses two standards of multi-mode Optical Fibre to receive and transmit and uses long wavelength light source. 100Base-FX, which supports maximum cable length of 400 meters, is an enhanced version of 10Base-FL and it looks similar to 10Base-FL. Both use the same multi-mode fiber optic cables and SC or ST connectors.
• 100-Base-SX - Defiens Fast Ethernet version over Optical Fibre. It uses two standards of multi-mode Optical Fibre to receive and transmit. It uses less expensive short wavelength light source and other optical components.
• 100Base-BX - Refers to a version of fast Ethernet over a single strand of Optical Fibre that uses single-mode fibre for transmission of signal.

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Summary on What we have studied in last Tutorial ? :-

• Network involves connection of computers, Workstation and network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls.
• Ethernet is most widely used Local Area Network ( LAN ) technology and is formally defines by IEEE 802.3 standard.
•  High speed Ethernet was developed in order to increase the connectivity speed between the terminals or computers in a particular network.
• Fast Ethernet is further sub-divided into two categories :- 1. Copper & 2.Fiber Optic Cabled Ethernet.

The advantages of 100Base-T Ethernet are :-

• Speed - Ten times faster than regular 10Base-T Network.
• Throughput - Faster for video, Multimedia, Graphics, Internet Surfing and other Application that requires high speed.
• Error-Detection - Supports stronger error detection and correction.
• Cost - 100Base-T Ethernet hardware is slightly costlier than 10Base-T hardware.
• Installation - Easy to Install and Maintain.

Disadvantages of 100Base-T Ethernet are :-

• Mode of Data Transfer - 100Base-T4 cannot support full Duplex mode of Data Transfer
• Wiring - 100Base-T4 requires four pair of wiring for Data Transfer.
• Category of Cable - 100Base-TX Ethernet requires CAT 5 cables for all patch panel and Jumper Blocks.
• Switch Requirements - The full Duplex mode operation of 100Base-TX Ethernet requires full Duplex Switches.

Gigabit Ethernet :-

      1000Base-X is the first version published by the 802.3z standard. It is divided into a number of standards such as 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-SX and, 1000Base-LX. The 802.3ab standard defines a single UTP solution called 1000Base-T. Out of these standards, 1000Base-T is the most popular Gigabit Ethernet Standard. Gigabit Ethernet Provides speed of 1000Mbps. 

      It transmits data over UTP category 5e, or 6 cabling.Gigabit Ethernet is divided into following standards.

• 1000Base-SX - Fiber optic Gigabit Ethernet standard which operates over multi-mode (LED) fiber using 850 nanometer and the maximum cable length is 500 meters.
• 1000Base-LX - Fiber optic Gigabit Ethernet standard which operates over single-mode (laser) cables and sends data upto 5 kilometers. Sometimes special repeaters are used to increase distance upto 70 kilometers.
• 1000Base-T - Specifies a standard for Gigabit over Copper wiring. It requires minimum Category 5 cable. But, Category 5e and Catogery 6 cable may also be used and often recommended.
• 1000Base-TX - Created and and promoted by Telecommunicaions Industry Association (TIA) is a version of 1000Base-T. 1000Base-TX is simpler to implement and requires Category 6 Cable.

Advantages of Gigabit Ethernet :-

• Compability - Gigabit Ethernet uses same transmission schemes and Frames format as they are used in 100Base-T and 100Base-T ( Fast Ethernet ) Ethernet. As a result, there is no need of complex, slow emulations and translations for Gigabit Ethernet.
• Hardware Cost - The Hardware cost of Gigabit Ethernet is equivalent to the Cost of Tradtional Ethernet and Fast Ethernet hardware.
• Familier Technology - Gigabit Ethernet is supports the same technology and uses the same protocols as used in Ethernet and Fast Ethernet.
• StraightForward Management - The management System established for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet can be used for Gigabit Ethernet.
• Staff training - Gigabit Ethernet requires minimal staff training as it uses the same design, installation, and configuration that are used for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet.
• Working Distance - The Gigabit Ethernet over fiber has a working distance of upto 5 Kilometer.
• Speed - The Gigabit Ethernet provides upto 1000 Mbps of data rate which is 10 times faster than 100Base-T Ethernet.

Disadvantages of Gigabit Ethernet :-

• Low Bandwidth Utilization - The theoritical Bandwidth of the Gigabit Ethernet is 1000 Mbps. But practically, its Bandwidth utilization is upto 900 Mbps.
• Expensive - Fiber based Gigabit Ethernet is Comparatively costlier and employs Complex lasers as the light source which further add up to the cost.

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Summary on What we have studied in last Tutorial ? :-

• 1000Base-X is the first version published by the 802.3z standard. It is divided into a number of standards such as 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-SX and, 1000Base-LX.
• Gigabit Ethernet Provides speed of 1000Mbps.
•  It transmits data over UTP category 5e, or 6 cabling.Gigabit Ethernet is divided into following standards.

10-Gigabit Ethernet :-

      

      10-Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gbe is the most recent and Fastest Ethernet standards. It was developed by IEEE 802.3ae in 2002. 

      It is ten times (10x) faster than Gigabit Ethernet. It uses full Duplex mode of Transmission and most run on Fiber. LANs, MANs, & WANs a=can be interconnected using 10-Gigabit Ethernet. It supports a segment length up to 40 kilometers. It uses Media Access Control (MAC) protocol.

Advantages of 10Gigabit Ethernet :-

• Mode of Operation - Uses full Duplex mode of Data Communication. As a result operations are simplified and collision-detection protocols which were used in previous forms of Ethernet are not required.
• Quality and Security - Provides High security and quality. It also provides increased flexibility for linking other network devices over longer distances.
• Compatibility - 10-Gigabit Ethernet communication standards are fully compatible with existing Ethernet standards.
• Convergence Opportunities - Present 10-Gigabit Ethernet can carry integerated voice and data across broader networks without modification.
• Ease of Implementation - Uses the basic feature of Ethernet. As a result, it can be implemented without training the staff for Ethernet standard.

Switch Implementation :-

    

     In organization multiple switches are installrd to provisde network connectivity to many

users as each switch supports maximum up to 48 users. Two common implementation strategies are :

# Implementation 1 :-

      You can install the switches by connecting the switches one after another using it,s uplink port in cascade manner as shown in figure below :-

     So in this case access speed and backbone speed is same i.e. 100Mbps. Access speed is the speed that any host will get if it is connected to one of the switch's access port. And backbone speed is the interconnection speed between the switches.

# Implementation 2 :-

      Or you can connect all the switches to a central switch that is called backbone switch using their uplink ports as shown in the figure below :-

      Here Switch 1 is called core switch and switch 2, 3 and 4 are called distribution switch. Switch 1 is generally high speed switch e.g. each port operates at 1000Mbps and switch 2, 3 and 4 have access ports of 100Mbps and uplink ports of 1000Mbps.

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